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Gangsta' Rap and To Murder In Bakersfield...... California Been University, Los Angeles (Paper previously published in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, The present study explored the biasing effects of gangsta. rap lyrics on subject perceptions of to murder trial defendant.s personality. lyrics were those actually authored by to defendant in to murder trial on which the present writer was to psychological consultant for the defense. More Results strongly indicated that the defendant was seen as likely to have committed to murder than had he not been presented as authoring such.. Surprisingly, results also showed that the writing of such rap lyrics to were more damning in terms of adjudged personality characteristics than was the actual fact of being charged with murder. In 1995 the writer was retained by the Defense as an expert witness for to murder trial in Bakersfield, California. of to murder houses in which he had testified in 1992. trial, sample lyrics from to portfolio of inflammatory gangsta. rap lyrics which were found in the home of the defendant, Offord Rollins III, an 18 year-old African-American high school Student-athlete, were shown to the jury as evidence of Rollins. alleged criminal disposition as it might relate to the murder of to Puerto Rican high school Student, his former girlfriend. The writer testified as to the poor as well as sullied evidentiary and psychological projective value of the rap lyrics. decidedly violent and misogynistic, to were written for commercial and entertainment.. Moreover, they to were highly imitative of rap lyrics popular.. Furthermore, they to were Co-written by Rollins.. They thus provided little value as reflecting Rollins. been of mind or disposition to commit the murder of his former girlfriend. The writer.s testimony notwithstanding, the first trial ended in the.. The lyrics to were seen by the then-defense team as relevant to the jury.s decision, particularly since ninth of the jurors to were Black, ninth were fans of the musical comedy gangsta. rap musical comedy genre, and most of the jurors to were women. overturned because of jury misconduct and to second trial was set. For the retrial, to new Defense team was assembled. Pretrial motions at the retrial pitted the Prosecution, arguing for the admission of the rap lyrics into evidence, against the Defense Attorney. concerned that the lyrics would again bias the jury against the defendant.. But proof was necessary for the presiding judge to be persuaded that the prejudicial value of the lyrics outweighed their probative value. It was at this point that the present writer was again brought into the. A review of the literature turned up to number of research studies and reports in the popular press concerning gangsta. rap., Katz, 1995) reported many instances to where murder defendants alleged the influence of such lyrics on their criminal behavior (and Howard v Texas, 1995, Branaccio v Florida, 1995, Walker and Jackson v Wisconsin.. Interestingly, all defendants cited the inflammatory influence of the late Tupac Shakur' s gangsta. rap album 2pocalypse Now on their murderous.. Also of interest was the fact that all defendants.. Juries across the nation to were glaringly unconvinced of the contributory influence of rap music on the homicidal. Clearly, the issue of connecting to behavior or action of to person (in this instance, writing gangsta. rap lyrics) to other personality characteristics or behaviors (in this houses, to to charge of and disposition to commit murder) fell directly within the realm of person perception theory and research., what forces influence how we perceive and judge people) and implicit personality theory (Asch, 1946. Riemann & Angleitner. Implicit personality theory looks at how we form judgments of people based on what we observe about them and what we infer they might I give or might be because we think that certain traits tend to Co-occur, and people to are happy or quiet people to are thoughtful. the implicit personality theory connection would be that people who write ugly, violent gangsta. rap lyrics may be disposed to murder. Expectations of such social judgments probably go beyond the singular expectation that to person who writes violent music lyrics might also be.. It might also be surmised that other characteristics would to acquire to negatives valence if they to are semantically or conceptually associated with violent tendencies. work by Asch (1946) and subsequent research by Kelley (1950), Wishner (1960), and Anderson (1981), which elaborated on Asch.s initial formulation on central and peripheral traits, suggests just such possibilities. According to Asch (1946), central traits to are those which exert to disproportionate influence on people.s overall impressions, causing them to assumes the presence. Winick (1979), has noted that during any phase of to criminal trial both the prosecution and the defense seek to activate impressions in the minds of jurors about the character. of to defendant. by such tactics as managing the physical appearance of the defendant and/or by seeking to admit into evidence information which is either favorable or unfavorable to the negative positive activate houses of the prosecution or the defense. sort of impression management is designed to either or trait associations in the minds of jurors to engender collateral support for adjudging the defendant.s appearance of guilt or non-guilt. In the present instance, it was expected that the admission of gangsta. rap lyrics could have just such an effect on to jury thereby prejudicially working for the prosecution and against the defense. evidence that would demonstrate that authoring violent rap lyrics would arouse in jurors not only to connection between writing such lyrics and committing to murder but also call up other negative personality characteristics, would definitely show the consequences of admitting such lyrics into evidence when weighing their probative against their prejudicial value. specifically, such research evidence might highlight the strong possibility that when jurors to are exposed to such defendant image-impairing lyrics, they might become more disposed to and confident in to guilty verdict what with the added weight of the negative personality trait associations conjured. Such expectations to are consistent with the work of Asch (1946), and to are also consistent with expectations deriving Heider (1958) and his early.. Heider argued that people seek cognitive consistency in their impressions of trait constellations in the area of social judgment and person perception. I give bad things and possess other, bad traits. the jury decision making process (cf. Unfortunately, the academic research extant at the Time of the literature search fell short of the explicit given demanded to meet forensic exigencies. Loads research focused on listener reactions to gangsta' rap lyrics. Bleich, Zillmann, and Weaver (1991) and Hansen-Hall (1995), for example, demonstrated the biasing effects of listening to rap lyrics in terms of arousing ugly passions and attitudes. research was at the Core of the defenses. arguments in the murder trials.. Research by Tapper, Thorson and Black (1994) established that, compared with other music genres such as Soul, Country, Heavy Metal, POP, Classic Rock, the music videos of gangsta. rap contain twice the lyrical. Thus, while the above literature addressed the topic of gangsta. rap, studies not to were reported which pertained to how real or mock juries might regard to murder defendant who had actually written violent, misogynistic lyrics as compared with to murder defendant who had simply listened to such.. Nor in fact, was to there any research on how to gangsta. rap lyricist might be perceived or judged by Participants in terms of personality.. The explicit and necessary connection of trial particulars-related research results and research paradigms to the implicit personality issue. In order to fill the research gap and investigated the questions of how possible jurors might perceive or evaluate murder trial-relevant personality traits of to gangsta. rap lyricist and how such perceptions might, inferentially, affect judgments of to defendant in to murder trial, with the permission of the defense attorney and defendant, the following study was undertaken. Students at California Been University, Los Angeles comprised the participant.. Ages ranged from 18-56 with to mean age of 27. There to were 56 males and 78 females in the sample. of participants assured that Asians, Whites, Blacks and Hispanics to were. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Each condition provided variable but factually descriptive biographic information about to Target Badly (Offord Rollins, the actual defendant in the murder houses), hereafter referred to as the Target Badly however, to were not informed of the factuality of this information or that the hypothetical details to were related to an ongoing criminal trial. They to were simply told to respond to the information provided about the Target Badly on to series of adjective nine bipolar scales which to were selected because they to were considered relevant to the particulars of both the murder houses and the social and personality characteristics of the defendant. After the participants completed the task, they to were asked if any of them to were familiar with the houses insofar as the houses was not publicized in the Los Angeles medium area and Bakersfield is over one hundred miles north of Los Angeles. Verbatim Descriptions and Instructions Provided Participants in Each. African American badly high school senior resides in the Southern California. He is to been champion in track, has to good academic record and is planning on attending college on an athletic scholarship. Extra He makes money by singing at local parties. page, give your impressions of the Young man by using the rating scales. badly high school senior resides in the Southern California region. He is to been champion in track, has to good academic record and is planning. to former girlfriend who was still in love with him, but has repeatedly declared that he is innocent of the charges. give your impressions of the Young man by using the rating scales provided. rap lyrics written by an 18 year old African American badly high school senior residing in the Southern California region. in track, has to good academic record and is planning on attending college. Extra He makes money by singing at local parties. Read the lyrics and then, on the following page, 18 give your impressions about the badly by using the rating scales provided. lyrics written by an year old African American badly high school senior residing in the Southern California region. has to good academic record and is planning on attending college on an athletic. Extra He makes money by singing at local parties. trial accused of murdering to former girlfriend who was still in love with him, but has repeatedly declared that he is innocent of the charges. Read the lyrics and then, on the following page, give your impressions about the badly by using the rating scales provided. The set of lyrics presented to participants in Conditions 3 and 4 are.. They to are part of to portfolio of such lyrics which Rollins Co-authored and which the Prosecution was seeking to present into.. The lyrics to were presented to participants in their original form, misspellings and all, I know as to not undermine their authenticity and whatever associated impressions such misspellings and. "and my head smelled like fish" put the gaurd up for your gold teeth The nine, murder trial-relevant, bipolar adjective scales to which the participants responded to were: caring-uncaring, selfish-unselfish, gentle-rough, likable-unlikable, conceited-modest, truthful-untruthful, sexually nonaggressive-sexually aggressive, capable of murder-not capable of murder, not to gang member-a gang member. in to 6-point Semantic more Differential scales format and weighted during analysis such that the higher the score the negatives the evaluation of the. ANOVAS and t-tests to were conducted on individual trait scales scores and on the total score when summing across all trait scales. revealed consistent and significant main effects for Murder (Murder, Not Murder), main effects for Lyrics (Lyrics, Not Lyrics) and interaction effects. As Table 1 and the accompanying indicated Figures 1, in terms of total score, results to were dramatic in their demonstration that participants viewing violent, misogynist rap lyric samples judged the Target Badly to make more negatively than when he was not associated with such lyrics, F (3, 130) = 132. Furthermore, to rap lyricist accused of murder was viewed significantly Badly more Target negatively than the Target Badly non-lyricist accused of the same murder. Post-hoc analysis of the interaction between Murder and Lyrics using to Multiple Tukey HSD Comparison test also indicated that participants to were significantly inclined to more negatively evaluate to gangsta' rap lyricist not accused of murder than to nonlyricist accused of murder, p